Kukoka opanda kanthu - matope opanda kanthu amaikidwa pa reel (ndiko kuti, pa gudumu), ndipo mphamvu ya kasinthasintha wa reel imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukoka matope opanda kanthu mu mawonekedwe omwe amafunidwa ndi manja onse awiri, omwe ndi njira yachikhalidwe yopangira zitsulo ku China, ndipo ndondomekoyi imatchedwa billet. Ma disks, mbale ndi zinthu zina zozungulira zimapangidwa ndi njira yojambula yopanda kanthu.
Zoumba zoumba ndi manja
Billet - pamene chosokera chopanda kanthu ndi chowuma, chimayikidwa pa reel ndikukonzedwa ndi mpeni kuti pamwamba pakhale bwino, wandiweyani komanso ngakhale, njirayi imatchedwa billet.
Kukumba phazi - pamene chida chozungulira chimakoka chopanda kanthu, chandamale chamatope cha 3-inch (chogwirira) chimasiyidwa pansi, ndiyeno phazi la pansi la chotengera chokumba limakumbidwa pansi, njirayi imatchedwa phazi lakukumba.
Kumanga kwa mizere yadongo â njira yakale youmba mbiya. Popanga, matopewo amakulungidwa m’zingwe zazitali, kenako amapangidwa kuchokera pansi kupita m’mwamba molingana ndi zofunikira za mpangidwewo, ndiyeno mkati ndi kunja kwake amawongoleredwa ndi manja kapena zipangizo zosavuta kupanga chotengeracho. Miphika yopangidwa motere nthawi zambiri imasiya matope amatope pamakoma amkati.
Wheel system - njira yopangira zoumba ndi mawilo, chigawo chachikulu ndi gudumu lozungulira lamatabwa, pansi pa gudumu pali shaft yowongoka, m'munsi mwa shaft ofukula imakwiriridwa m'nthaka, ndipo pali kachipangizo kothandizira kuzungulira kwa gudumu. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yozungulira ya gudumu, gwiritsani ntchito manja onse awiri kuti mukoke matope opanda kanthu kuti mukhale momwe mukufunira. Njira yozungulira idayamba kumapeto kwa chikhalidwe cha Neolithic Dawenkou, ndipo zinthu zopangidwazo zinali zokhazikika komanso zofananira mu makulidwe.
Kubwezera kumbuyo â njira yowotchera zadothi. Mikate ya cushion kapena mchenga wabwino kwambiri wosamva kutentha umayikidwa mubokosilo, ndipo ziwiyazo zimawotchedwa mwadongosolo, zomwe zimatchedwa backburning.
Momwe mungasungire ma gaskets atatu munjira yobwezera
Kumanga â njira yowotchera zadothi. Ndiko kuti, zidutswa zingapo za katundu zimasanjidwa pamodzi ndi kutenthedwa, ndipo ziwiyazo zimasiyanitsidwa padera kuti zipitirire zinthu zowotchazo. Ikhoza kugawidwa mu:
(1) Kuika misomali, njira imeneyi inkagwiritsidwa ntchito kalekale;
(2) Kuombera mozinga nthambi zozungulira, monga ng'anjo zosasunthika;
(3) Kupiringizana kapena kukanda glaze stacking, ndiko kuti, kusala kuzungulira kwa glaze pamtima pa chiwiya (makamaka mbale ndi mbale), ndiyeno kumadula bwalo la glaze kuchokera pachiwiya choyaka chomwe chakhala chikuyaka, ndikuyika phazi la pansi (lopanda utoto) la chotungira chozungulira, chopukutira chozungulira ndi chosanjikiza. mankhwala.
Kuwotcha kwambiri â njira yowotchera zadothi. Ndiko kuti, zadothi zimakutidwa ndikuwotchedwa mu bokosi lokhala ndi mphete yothandizira kapena mbiya ya trapezoidal brace, yomwe idayamba ku Northern Song Dynasty ndipo idagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu ng'anjo yamoto ya Qingbai ku Jingdezhen ndi dera lakumwera chakum'mawa. Ubwino ndi zokolola zambiri ndi mapindikidwe ang'onoang'ono; Choyipa chake ndi chakuti pakamwa pa chiwiyacho ndi chosawala, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito.
Kuwombera kwamasamba - kumatanthawuza za ceramic zomwe zimafunika kuthamangitsidwa kawiri, ndiko kuti, choyamba lowetsani ng'anjo kuti muwotche opanda kanthu pa kutentha pang'ono (pafupifupi 750 ~ 950 ° C), wotchedwa kuwombera kwamasamba, ndiyeno, kuyatsanso mu ng'anjo kuti moto. Ikhoza kuonjezera mphamvu ya thupi lobiriwira ndikuwongolera mlingo wowona.
Bwalo la astringent - chisanakhale chopanda kanthu, mkati mwa chiwiyacho chimachotsedwa mozungulira, ndipo malo osawoneka bwino amatchedwa "astringent circle", yomwe inali yotchuka mu Jin ndi Yuan Dynasties.
Dip glaze - Dipped glaze ndi imodzi mwa njira zopangira glazing, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti "dipping glaze". Thupi lobiriwira limamizidwa mu glaze kwakanthawi ndikuchotsedwa, ndipo kuyamwa kwamadzi kwa zobiriwira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti phala la glaze ligwirizane ndi chopanda kanthu. Kuchuluka kwa glaze wosanjikiza kumayendetsedwa ndi mayamwidwe amadzi opanda kanthu, kuchuluka kwa glaze slurry, ndi nthawi ya maceration. Ndi oyenera glazing wandiweyani tayala thupi ndi chikho ndi mbale mankhwala.
Kuwomba glaze - ndi imodzi mwa njira zachikhalidwe zowomba ku China. Phimbani ndi chubu cha nsungwi ndi ulusi wabwino, ikani mu glaze ndikuwomba ndi pakamwa panu, kuchuluka kwa glaze kumadalira kukula kwa chiwiyacho, mpaka nthawi 17-18, nthawi 3-4. Ubwino wake umapangitsa glaze mkati mwa ziwiya yunifolomu komanso yosasinthasintha, ndipo njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri paziwiya zazikulu, matayala owonda ndi zinthu zonyezimira. Anachita upainiya ku Jingdezhen mu Ming Dynasty.
Kuwala - njira yowotchera zinthu zazikulu, ndi imodzi mwa njira zachikhalidwe zaku China. Gwirani mbale kapena supuni m'dzanja lililonse, sungani phala la glaze, ndikutsanulira pa thupi lobiriwira.
Glaze - imodzi mwa njira zachikhalidwe zowola ku China. Panthawi yogwira ntchito, phala la glaze limatsanuliridwa mkati mwa chopanda kanthu, kenako ndikugwedezeka, kotero kuti kumtunda ndi kumunsi kumanzere ndi kumanja kumawonekera mofanana, ndikutsanulira phala la glaze, njira iyi ndi yoyenera mabotolo, miphika ndi zida zina.
Kusindikiza â njira yokongoletsera zoumba. Chojambula chojambula ndi chokongoletsera chimasindikizidwa pa thupi lobiriwira pamene sichinawume, choncho dzina. M'nthawi ya Spring ndi Autumn ndi Warring States, mbiya zolimba zosindikizidwa zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo, zakhala njira imodzi yodzikongoletsera ku China. Ding kiln kusindikiza zadothi za Song Dynasty ndiye woimira kwambiri.
Kukanda - njira yokongoletsera ya porcelain. Gwiritsani ntchito chida cholozera kuti mulembe mizere pazadothi yopanda kanthu kuti mukongoletse chithunzicho, motero dzinalo. Inakula mu Ufumu wa Nyimbo, ndi maluwa, mbalame, ziwerengero, ankhandwe ndi phoenixes.
Kusema - njira yokongoletsera ya porcelain. Gwiritsani ntchito mpeni kusema chokongoletsera pa porcelain chopanda kanthu, ndiye dzina. Amadziwika ndi mphamvu yayikulu, ndipo mizereyo ndi yozama komanso yokulirapo kuposa zikwapu. Inakula bwino mu Mzera wa Nyimbo ndipo inali yotchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha zojambula zamaluwa zojambulidwa ku Yaozhou kiln kumpoto.
Kutola maluwa - njira yokongoletsera ya porcelain. Pa porcelain yopanda kanthu pomwe chithunzicho chimakokedwa, gawo lina kupatulapo limachotsedwa kuti apange mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, motero dzinalo. Zinayambira kumpoto kwa Cizhou kiln system mu Ufumu wa Nyimbo, ndi maluwa oyera abulauni monga odziwika kwambiri. Panthawi ya Jin Yuan, ng'anjo zadothi ku Shanxi zinalinso zotchuka kwambiri, ndipo maluwa akuda onyezimira anali apadera.
Pearl Ground Scratching â njira yokongoletsera yopangira zadothi. Pazopanda zadothi zomwe zidasokonekera, mpatawo umadzazidwa ndi zowoneka bwino komanso zowirira za ngale, kotero dzina, kuyambira kumapeto kwa Tang Henan Mi County kiln, Song Dynasty wotchuka Henan, Hebei, Shanxi porcelain kilns, Henan Dengfeng ng'anjo zamoto ndizosiyana kwambiri.
Appliqué - njira yokongoletsera ya ceramics. Pogwiritsa ntchito kuumba kapena kukanda ndi njira zina, mapangidwe osiyanasiyana amapangidwa kuchokera kumatope a matayala, kenako amaikidwa pa thupi lobiriwira, motero dzina. Zovala zobiriwira zobiriwira zamtundu wa Tang ndi ng'anjo zamchenga, komanso zokongoletsera za Tang Sancai appliqués zochokera ku ng'anjo za Gongxian County, Henan, ndizodziwika.
Mapepala odulidwa appliqué - njira yokongoletsera ya porcelain. Kudula mapepala ndi luso lachikale ku China, lomwe limasinthira mapatani odulira mapepala kukhala zokongoletsera zadothi, chifukwa chake amatchedwa. Mng'anjo yapachiyambi ya Jizhou m'chigawo cha Jiangxi mu Ufumu wa Song, mu teapot yakuda yonyezimira, yokongoletsedwa ndi maluwa a maula, masamba a matabwa, phoenixes, agulugufe ndi machitidwe ena, zotsatira zodula mapepala ndizodabwitsa, zokhala ndi makhalidwe amphamvu a m'deralo.
Zodzoladzola dongo â njira yokongoletsera mtundu wa tayala. Pofuna kubweza chikoka cha mtundu wa tayala wadothi, dongo loyera ladongo limagwiritsidwa ntchito pa tayala lopanda kanthu kuti likhale losalala komanso loyera, kuti likhale losalala komanso loyera, ndipo dongo ladongo lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira imeneyi limatchedwa dongo lodzikongoletsera. Dongo lodzikongoletsera linayamba ku Western Jin Dynasty ku Wuzhou kiln celadon ku Zhejiang, dongo loyera lakumpoto linkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'nthawi ya Sui ndi Tang, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito phala la Cizhou mumzera wa Song kunalinso kofala, makamaka mitundu yodula idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Kufufuza golide - njira yokongoletsera ya ceramics. Amapakidwa utoto pazida zadothi ndi golidi kenako amawotchedwa, ndiye amatchulidwa. The Song Dynasty Ding Kiln ili ndi golide wonyezimira wonyezimira komanso golide wakuda wonyezimira, ndipo malinga ndi zolemba, Song Dynasty Ding Kiln "yopakidwa ndi madzi a adyo ndi golide". Kuyambira pamenepo, zojambula zagolide pa Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming ndi Qing zadothi zawoneka.
Phazi lachitsulo chofiirira - chinthu chokongoletsera cha porcelain. Mitundu ina ya ng'anjo yovomerezeka ya Southern Song Dynasty, ng'anjo yolowa m'malo ndi ng'anjo ya Song Dynasty Longquan, chifukwa fupa la fetal lili ndi chitsulo chochuluka, likatenthedwa mumlengalenga wochepetsetsa, glaze ya m'kamwa mwa chotengera imayenda pansi pa madzi, ndipo mtundu wa fetal ndi wofiirira pamene glaze wosanjikiza ndi woonda; Mbali yowonekera ya phazi ndi yachitsulo-yakuda, yomwe imatchedwa "phazi lachitsulo chofiirira".
Waya waya wagolide - chinthu chokongoletsera cha porcelain. Heirloom ng'anjo zadothi, chifukwa chosiyana kukula koyezera tayala glaze pa kuwombera, mitundu glazed otseguka zidutswa, zidutswa zazikulu zambewu kuoneka wakuda, timbewu tating'ono ting'ono kuoneka golide wachikasu, wakuda wina ndi wachikasu, ndiko kuti, otchedwa "golide waya chitsulo waya".
Kutsegula - chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya glaze ya matayala panthawi yowombera, mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma kilns ovomerezeka a Song Dynasty, ng'anjo za heirloom ndi ng'anjo za Longquan zili ndi mawonekedwe otseguka. Pambuyo pa Mzera wa Nyimbo, ma kilns a Jingdezhen adawotchanso motsanzira.
Nthiti - chinthu chokongoletsera cha porcelain. Southern Song Dynasty Longquan ng'anjo celadon, mbali zina za kupanga n'kupanga zotuluka, pamene glaze makamaka woonda, mtundu kuwala, mosiyana, ndiko kuti, otchedwa nthiti.
Earthworm kuyenda matope chitsanzo - glazed Mbali zadothi. Pamene zadothi zadothi zowuma ndi zowuma, glaze wosanjikiza umatulutsa ming'alu, ndipo glaze imayenda panthawi yowombera kuti itseke ming'alu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphutsi zichoke pamatope, zomwe zimatchedwanso. Ndi gawo lapadera la Jun kiln porcelain ku Yu County, m'chigawo cha Henan mu Ufumu wa Nyimbo.
Crab claw pattern â mawonekedwe onyezimira a porcelain. Chifukwa cha kunyezimira kwa ziwiyazo, glaze wandiweyani umatsika kuti apange mizere yotsalira pambuyo pa misozi, motero dzinali, lomwe ndi limodzi mwamakhalidwe a white porcelain glaze mu Ding kiln of Song Dynasty.
Jomon - imodzi mwazokongoletsera za mbiya za Neolithic. Amatchedwa chifukwa chakuti chitsanzocho chimapangidwa ngati chingwe cha zingwe. Zovala zadothi zokulungidwa ndi chingwe kapena zojambulidwa ndi chingwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mbiya yopanda kanthu yomwe isanaume, ndipo pambuyo powombera, chithunzi cha Jomon chimasiyidwa pamwamba pa chiwiyacho.
Chitsanzo cha geometric - imodzi mwazokongoletsera za ceramics. Mfundo, mizere, ndi malo amapanga mitundu yosiyana siyana ya geometric, motero dzina. Monga mawonekedwe a makona atatu, grid pattern, checkered pattern, zigzag pattern, circle pattern, diamond pattern, zigzag pattern, cloud bingular pattern, back pattern, etc.
